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PREFACE 



Venerable usage has assumed, and society has es- 
tablished the enactment, that every one who appears 
a candidate for public favour or patronage, shall offer 
for himself or his work something explanatory by way 
of preface. The fixed maxim of the author of the fol- 
lowing sheets, being that of " Doing at Rome as they 
do there," when not opposed to any positive duty, 
would induce compliance with the former ; and in the 
true feeling of the Lacedemonian spirit, he bows with 
that deference to the latter, which he considers due to 
the community at large. Fashion, however, having 
suggested the propriety of short prefaces, he cheerfully 
avows himself a willing disciple of modern taste in that 
particular, as well to avoid prolixity, as to be enabled 
to occupy his limited pages with what appears to him 
to be matter of more moment. 

For himself, therefore, he would say, that having 
been from early youth familiarized with Anatomy, also 
during a long period a student of mental and abstruse 
sciences, and for the last twenty years pleasurably en- 
gaged in the vocation of public education, he has had 
opportunities of observing the unfolding, growth, and 
bias of the human mind, with peculiar advantages, 
which very few individuals have possessed ; and he 
long practised the principles of Phrenology, without 
knowing even its nomenclature. Under a conviction of 

B 



II 



its great Utility, as well to the present, as incalculably 
to benefit (he rising generation, (in its judicious ap- 
plication by those under whose tutelage their mental 

faculties must be matured,) and at the solicitations of 
a numerous circle of friends, whose judgment lie holds 
in high respect, he has ventured to oiler an arrange- 
ment of the leading features of the science in epitome, 
in a form and dress, he believes, altogether novel, and 
as clear and concise as his experience could BUggest; 
for he requests it may be invariably understood, that 
truth has been imperative with him, and he has been 
uniformly guided in his researches and experiment! to 
attain it; and would direct others, only by the same 
road, to the same meta, to which he himself has been 
travelling. 

For his little book, lie has only further to observe, 
that, in order to promote a practical acquaintance with 
the subject, it is arranged into four progressive Ties- 
sons, with select Questions at the end, for exercise; 
and having been taught to believe that it would bo 
useful (the only object of his solicitude), he submits 
it to the decision of that ordeal which will stamp its 
genuine value, with a hope, that its manner and cos- 
tume may possess sufficient interest to warrant public 
notice. 

u Ce n'est pas le tout que d'offrir, 
t{ II faut savoir faire accepter." 



!9r*lumnav$ 3&emarftiS. 



"Know thyself" was thought a maxim of such 
consummate wisdom, as to have been deserving a place 
on the portico of the Temple of Apollo, and that in 
letters of gold. Self-knowledge, which alone can di- 
rect to self-government, and thus regulate our inter- 
course with society, has had the testimony of approval, 
from the wise and good, in every age of the world ; 
and, however little interested the greater part of man- 
kind may have been in this important inquiry, and a 
" Knowledge of the world" held up as the chief object 
of pursuit, and, notwithstanding the avidity with which 
this study is generally embraced, yet, from its having 
been set about the wrong way, the most protracted life 
seems scarcely long enough to acquire even a super- 
ficial acquaintance with this branch of knowledge, from 
the varied springs of action influencing different indi- 
viduals ; and after a long and ardent examination of 
the various schemes of ethics, the philosopher turns 
to contemplate himself, at a time when his mental 
powers are fatigued or exhausted, and his infirmities 
render him unfit to adopt the suggestions of this truly 
valuable precept. u The proper study of mankind" 
should commence at home ; and although many systems 
have existed, both ancient and modern, to unveil us to 
ourselves and each other, from the Astrology of the 
Chaldeans to the Physiognomy of Lavater, none offer 



2 

a facility and tangible demonstration equal to that 
which Phrenology appears to hold out, the practical 
knowledge of which this little volume professes to 
teach. 

That this science, which proposes for its object 
the amelioration, if not the perfection of the mental 
faculties, as far as perfectibility may be attainable, 
should have met with opposition, may appear somewhat 
extraordinary; but, on its first introduction, from its 
principles being imperfectly understood, and, beside, 
supposed to interfere with opinions, which, from their 
being of a religious consideration, invariably excite 
the most serious alarm in the human mind, the sur- 
prise will vanish. It will, however, be found, by 
adverting to the history of the progress of intellect 
and science in general, that precisely the same has 
taken place in every period and stage of society. 

Democritus, of Abdera, who is the first on record 
that applied his anatomical observations to the expla- 
nation of the animal economy, was thought mad by 
his countrymen. With what feelings of regret do 
we contemplate the fate of the immortal Socrates, 
who was pronounced by the Oracle to be the wisest 
man in all Greece, falling under the imputation, of his 
misguided fellow citizens, of impiety, and a corrupter 
of the morals of the Athenian youth, when he was 
labouring to establish the love of virtue and improve 
their theocracy ? cc He stirreth up the people, and 
goeth about to destroy the Law and the Prophets," 
were the charges exhibited against the Redeemer of 
the World, by those very men, whose legitimate 



profession it was, to have discerned in the purity of 
his character, and the stupendous miracles of which 
they were the daily witnesses, the fulfilment of that 
law, and the confirmation of those prophetic writings, 
about which they were, in their mistaken zeal, so 
clamorous. 

Nor less virulent was the Ecclesiastical opposition 
raised against the celebrated Galileo, who, in a be- 
nighted age of human intellect, demonstrated what 
were then termed heretical opinions relative to the 
theory of the earth's motion. 

Neither was our countryman, {he mild, the unas- 
suming Harvey, more fortunate, to whom is attributed 
the discovery of the circulation of the blood : with 
what acrimony was his ingenious theory, and even his 
personal character assailed by his brethren ? Both 
physicians and anatomists were alarmed by a circum- 
stance which seemed to destroy the foundation of those 
systems they had fondly cherished, and, finally, in vain 
attempted to detract from the merit of that which they 
were unable to refute. 

Should inquiry arise, Why is this feeling of oppo- 
sition ? Whence is this aberrant principle of the mind, 
that inclines it to hesitate, or treat with asperity, 
rather than to promote the suggestions of scientific 
discovery ? It may be replied, that confirmed habits 
of thinking, however erroneous, are not easily over- 
come, nor early prejudice readily removed; that popu- 
lar caprice and conjectural hypothesis, rather than 
patient investigation and philosophical research, too 
frequently warp the most matured judgment, even in 



minds of highly gifted talent, whether celebrated for 
scientific attainment, or exemplary for genuine and 
unassuming piety ; and although, perhaps, we may be 
led to wonder at the obduracy, or seeming stupidity, 
of men, who in various periods have exhibited so little 
candour, and still less liberality of sentiment towards 
those who have laboured for the general benefit of 
their fellow creatures, it is but too apparent that, even 
in this surprising age of intellectual illumination, 
which borders on morbid sensibility, many are found 
pursuing a similar method, by censuring before they 
examine, or examining upon hasty and crude princi- 
ples by no means judiciously assumed; nor need we 
recur to the public benefit resulting from vaccine ino- 
culation, or the introduction of gas-light, for a reason 
why this novel science should have been thought 
objectionable. 

To avoid an impeachment of a like nature, it is 
recommended to all, into whose hand this little book 
may chance to come, and who may feel doubtful as 
to the verity of this curious but important science, 
to examine the subject dispassionately, compare facts, 
and judge for themselves; as, they may be assured, 
they carry the full weight of conviction on their own 
shoulders, and can scarcely avoid witnessing an ex- 
emplification of its truth, every day and in every walk 
of society ; when little hesitation can be entertained 
as to the result of their enquiries, agreeably to the 
aphorism adopted as a motto in the title-page : " As 
a lover of riches finds wealth, so a lover of truth 
shall find truth." 



ON THE HEAD. 



The great difference observable in the form and 
size of the human head, has afforded occasion to philo* 
sophers, at various periods, to exercise their ingenuity 
to account in one way or other, from the phasnomena, 
for the several degrees of intellectual capacity met with 
among mankind, until it has become in some measure 
associated in ordinary phraseology; and we occasionally 
hear of long-headed, wrong-headed, and thick-headed 
individuals, in allusion to the extensive or limited 
degree of their understanding. 

It is a known fact, that the forehead of the African 
is lower, and retreats more suddenly, than that of the 
European in general ; and that the Oriental head is as 
remarkable for its rounded form, as the Caribbean is 
for its depressed, flat, and elongated shape. Variations 
of similar kinds occur also, characteristic of every 
nation and tribe; and from the differences likewise 
observable in their habits, pursuits, and intellectual 
attainments, numerous hypotheses have been adopted, 
and theories proposed, whereby, from the configuration 
of the head, the extent of mental capacity might be 
ascertained; among which, that of the facial angle of 
Camper appears to have been the most ingenious. 

But upon an attentive observation we shall find, 
agreeably to the adage, u as many men so many minds," 
there being no two minds precisely accordant, so no 



6 

two heads are ever to be met with exactly alike, 
whether national or individual. There is, moreover, 
a very manifest difference in the heads of the sexes; 
the female head being not only smaller in proportion, 
but generally longer, and more compressed laterally, 
than that of the male: of greater elevation at the top, 
and fuller towards the posterior parts ; hence the 
observation, that " men think, but women feel," is 
strictly founded in truth, notwithstanding it appears to 
have been reserved for Phrenology to assign the cause, 
the organs of the feelings being seated in the occipital 
region ; and although the different manner of thinking 
and feeling, in the sexes, has been suspected by some to 
arfse from a difference of structure in the cerebral fibre, 
and by others supposed to be attributable to the effect 
which established custom and habit has produced in the 
diversified mode of their education, this science clearly 
demonstrates that the Author of Nature, in the forma- 
tion of the sexes, designed them to fulfil very different 
offices, which, when harmoniously united, contribute to 
that beautiful arrangement abundantly calculated to 
promote the beneficent intentions of the Deity, in the 
preservation and happiness of the species. The more 
agreeable qualifications of the female being the do- 
mestic and gentle virtues, prudence, desire of approval, 
attachment to home, and love of their offspring; while 
the great and respectable qualities designate the manly 
character. Regard for personal dignity, the power to 
defend public and individual right, to protect the weak, 
to construct, to contend, to examine causes, and com- 
pare effects, mark his natural bias, and constitute his 



most pleasureable pursuits. Notwithstanding we some- 
times hear of masculine women, and effeminate men, 
yet these are to be considered as occasional aberrations 
from Nature's general rule of formation; but where 
they occur are equally demonstrable from the respec- 
tive organic constitution. 

From the observation of these facts, it may be dis- 
covered on what data Phrenology erects the structure 
of its science: to ascertain with precision how far these 
data were correct, it became requisite to examine the 
heads, and to procure the crania, of various nations, 
and different individuals of the same nation, and com- 
pare their known habits and propensities with the 
developement ; and these again with the instinctive 
impulses of inferior animals, whose untutored habits 
proclaimed the undisguised language of nature. All 
this has been done; and the most satisfactory conclu- 
sions, resulting from such investigation, unequivocally 
proved. The situations of the mental organs have 
been precisely determined, the individual faculties 
clearly ascertained, and their effective degrees, or 
states of activity, indubitably established, from several 
thousand examples, selected as well from the human 
species inhabiting every temperature of climate, as from 
the various inferior families of animated nature. 



9W<J6£9lWJ£<A2rUM<§. 



As every new science must be defective in its 
nomenclature, which can arrive at perfection only as 
the science itself advances toward maturity, so various 
appellations have been assumed for the mental faculties, 
and different arrangements of their series adopted by 
different phrenologists, as judgment or discovery may 
have dictated the modification; notwithstanding, the 
situations of the organs, and their primitive functionary 
properties, have remained the same. The difficulty 
which a numerical character (at first attached to each 
organ) presented to novitiates, especially as from 
sedulous investigation the increased number of mental 
faculties were ascertained, suggested the propriety of 
substituting the initial letter of the faculty in preference 
to the previously adopted figure, which will not be 
subject to variation, whatever improvements discovery 
may add to this mental science. 

The commencement of the order of the faculties 
offers, likewise, a more natural series, of more ready 
application, as well as calculated to excite a more 
agreeable feeling, than that which commences the judi- 
ciary operation with the lowest of the animal propensi- 
ties. Accordingly, the faculties of the mind have been 
considered as divided into two orders, namely, the 
Sensitive, which experience emotions, feel desires, (as 
well from innate excitement, as from external impres- 



9 

sions,) and, independently of our choice, urge to the 
fulfilment of their several impulses; and the Intellectual, 
which, by the ministration of the external senses, as 
auxiliaries or intermedia, procure knowledge, and tend 
to guide the feelings in the direction of their choice. 

These are again subdivided into two genera; the 
first genus of each order being the common endow- 
ment of the human species with the inferior families of 
animated nature; the second is, in its fullness, the 
exclusive prerogative of mankind, notwithstanding: 
some of the animal tribes, as they ascend in the scale 
of created beings, are possessed of what may be termed 
the rudiments, or an obscure manifestation, of many of 
the faculties that compose this genus. 

Of the intellectual class, which commences the 
series, the first genus consists of those faculties which, 
from impressions conveyed to the mind, form concep- 
tions, and ideas, respecting the properties and relations 
of external objects; occupying the lower ridge of the 
forehead, and compose the Perceptive group, namely, 

INDIVIDUALITY, FORM, SIZE, WEIGHT, COLOUR, ORDER. 

and NUMBER. 

Above these range that class, which, by means of 
reiterated observations impressed by the perceptive 
powers, apply their results to the promoting the 
agreeable arts and conveniences of life ; and may be 
designated the Scientific group (tinted light brown in 
the frontispiece) : 

EVENTUALITY, LOCALITY, TIME, MELODY, and 
CONSTRUCTION. 

The second genus of this class, which form the 
reasoning powers of the mind, and constitute Ration- 



10 

ality, compare, reflect, and decide upon the ideas 
furnished by all the other organs; claiming the superior 
region of the forehead, and form the Philosophic group, 
(coloured dark brown in the frontispiece ,) consisting of 
the organs of 

COMPARISON, CAUSALITY, and WIT. 

The faculty of verbal memory, which, as it were, 
embodies thought, and by the medium of which 
arbitrary symbols are recognized, and the sensations 
and desires of all the faculties communicated, has its 
organ seated at the back of the orbit of the eye, 
(marked L.) 

The first genus of the second order, namely, the 
Feelings, consists of such faculties as appear to be 
essential to the perpetuation, preservation, and comfort 
of animal existence, and implanted for the fulfilment of 
these beneficent purposes by the Creator; and can only 
become noxious from their perversion, or abuse, by 
vice and folly. They present a double group of Pro- 
pensities, and a third, that may be denominated Senti- 
ments. The first constitutes the domestic affections, 
occupying the occipital part of the brain, (coloured 
orange in the frontispiece,) namely, 

AMATIVENESS, PHILOPROGENY. HABITATION, and 

ATTACHMENT. 

The second, that group of feelings, whose object is the 
preservation of animal nature, opposing danger, pro- 
viding food, and affording gratification in the enjoyment 
of the repast, (tinted red in the frontispiece,) namely, 

COURAGE, DESTRUCTION, and FLAVOUR. 

And thirdly, the prudential group, suggesting the pro- 
priety of temperance, industry, and of curbing such 



11 

passions as, by their undue gratification, would subject 
to want, or disturb the individual's repose (coloured 

yellow) : 

ACQUISITION, SECRECY, and CAUTION. 

The second genus commences with certain regu- 
lating powers of the mind, and (tinted green in the 
frontispiece :) 

LOVE OF APPROBATION, SELF-ESTEEM, FIRMNESS, 

and JUSTICE. • 

And which, like the former, seek their gratification in 
the accomplishment of their respective desires, each in 
its own way; and seem to have been implanted for the 
purpose of guiding, and influencing, the direction of 
the other feelings, and by a cogency of their nature, as 
it were, urge to a compliance with their solicitations; 
the two former being common to man and the inferior 
animals, the two latter constituting the human genus. 

The Imaginative group embraces a class of subjects, 
which, without possessing any tangible existence, with- 
out meeting us in our every day walk, possess a peculiar 
charm in their perspective contemplation; and aid the 
mind to soar in the airy regions of fancy, and futurity 
(coloured blue) : 

HOPE, IDEALITY, and MARVEL. 

And lastly, the Beneficent group of Moral Sentiments, 
faculties, implanted by the Author of Nature, to excite 
to the fulfilment of those commandments on which, we 
are assured, "hang all the Law, and the Prophets;" 
tending to promote the universal happiness of all 
(tinted carmine) : 

IMITATION, BENEVOLENCE, and VENERATION. 



DESCRIPTION OF THE CRANIUM. 

(vide model, NO. I.) 



It may probably be asked, notwithstanding the 
difference in the magnitude and shape of heads, how 
can we be assured that the brain assumes a corres- 
ponding- form, when it is known to be enclosed in the 
skull, and this again enveloped in integuments, and 
so forth? 

Anatomy has decided the question, that the brain, 
notwithstanding the softness of its consistence, never- 
theless gives shape to the Cranium, in which it is 
enclosed, just as the crustaceous tenement of the crab 
is adjusted to the animal that inhabits it; and in con- 
sequence, the figure may be ascertained by a careful 
manipulation; there are, however, some exceptions 
which demand notice. 

The Cranium, or that part of the skull which 
envelopes the brain, and is constituted to shield it from 
external injury, is composed of eight separate plates, 
or pieces, curiously united by various connections, tech- 
nically termed sutures and articulations, and named 
from their situations: the frontal or coronal, two pari- 
etals, two temporal, the occipital, sphenoid, and the 
ethmoid bones. In infancy the frontal is composed of 
two distinct bones, which afterwards unite into one; 
there are, however, instances where they have remained 
in a separate state during maturity. 



13 

The corners of the frontal, and parietals, are not 
yet ossified, but form and unite with the growth of 
years; in many cases receiving, in after life, small 
additional portions between the parietal plates, either 
at the frontal or lambdoidal sutures, as the animal pro- 
pensities, or the intellectual faculties of the mind, may 
have been called into greater activity, and consequent 
increase. For, although the ossification of the skull is 
not the result of the brain, but of particular vessels, by 
which the bony mass is secreted, as is the case in all 
other parts of the body, yet it is ever deposited in 
accordance with the size, growth, and structure of 
the brain. 

The exceptions from this general rule are, first, 
when a sinus is formed, and which, from its situation, 
is named a. frontal sinus, and arises from the expansion 
and extension of the Diploe, that soft, spungy sub- 
stance, which every where pervades between the two 
tables of the skull. It is generally met with larger in 
those persons who have possessed the observing facul- 
ties in a more than ordinary degree of activity, which 
occasioning a greater heat, and consequently a greater 
flow of blood, to that part, may cause a more copious 
increase of the stratifying humour than in ordinary 
cases, and is chiefly found in the crania of aged persons. 
It may be, however, prudent for novitiates to make a 
trifling allowance, generally, in offering an opinion on 
the four first faculties, namely, Individuality, 
Form, Size, and Weight, under the impression that 
a small sinus may exist. 

Another variation, but of more rare occurrence, is 



14 

presented in the case of Hydrocephalus (or watery 
head) ; a disease not unfrequently originating in the 
too early excitation of the mental organs, before the 
nervous fibres have attained sufficient strength, which 
producing inflammation of the brain and its mem- 
branes, of which an effusion of serum is the conse- 
quence. Children of a weakly constitution, who have 
been suckled for an undue period, are very liable to 
this disease. And this may further be adduced in con- 
firmation of the fact, that nature accommodates the 
harder parts to those that are more soft; for in cases 
where the Hydrocephalus occurs, the skull is not only 
expanded by the pulpy substance of the brain, but 
actually distended, and that, sometimes, to a surprising 
degree, by the accumulation of mere water. 

A third exception is exhibited, in cases where the 
muscle that is sometimes found extremely full, extend- 
ing along the temporal ridge, (on the sides of the head,) 
from the anterior part of the organ of acquisition 
to the posterier part of secrecy, not unfrequently 
taking in part of ideality and caution. Athletic 
persons, and those inclined to be stout, are of all others 
the most liable to have this formation ; and in cases 
where it may be suspected to exist, the part should be 
examined by a careful manipulation, before an opinion 
be offered as to the state of developement of the organs 
in that region of the head. 



t 



Sttuattottg of tfve ©rgang. 



Individuality. The situation of this organ is 
on the lower part of the forehead, just above the 
bridge of the nose, and when large gives an appear- 
ance of fulness to the part between the eyebrows. 

Form is placed at the internal angle of the orbit 
of the eve, and produces, when full, an extension to 
the bridge of the nose, separating the eyes (as it were) 
wide apart. 

Size. The organ of Size is just over that of 
Form, and nearly under Locality, at the inner angle of 
the eyebrow; and if large, produces a heavy appear- 
ance to the brow. 

Weight. This organ adjoins that of Size, on the 
outer side, immediately under Locality, and if largely 
developed with Size, affords an overhanging appear- 
ance to the brow. 

Colour is seated on the middle of the eyebrow, 
and when large, presents an agreeable round to the 
arch, or rather an obliquity to the external part. 

, Order is placed on the Outer side of the organ of 
Colour, and if full, gives a squareness of form to the 
part of the brow anterior of Number, sometimes 
making the angle rather acute. 

c 



16 

Number is situated at the external angle of the 
eyebrow, and when large, produces a roundness, or 
extension of that part, on the exterior side of Order. 

Eventuality is situated in the centre of the 
forehead, immediately above Individuality, and under 
Comparison; having a portion of the organ of Locality 
on each side of it; and when large, produces a fulness 
in the middle line, inclining to an oval form.. 

Locality. This organ is on each side of Indi- 
viduality and Eventuality, giving a prominence of a 
pear-like shape to that part above the brow, just over 
the organs of Size and Weight. 

Time has its organ running obliquely from Loca- 
lity, and often appears as if it were a continuation of that 
organ, assuming a round shape; but if Wit and Melody 
be large, they produce together with it a general 
fulness, without partaking of any determinate form 
separately. 

Melody is placed on the lateral part of the fore- 
head, and when large, gives a rounded form between 
Number and Construction; and if the latter be also 
large, it requires judgment to separate them. 

Construction. The organ is on the temple, 
giving a fulness forward of Acquisition, and is not 
unfrequently closely united with Ideality, from which 
it receives considerable assistance; and if combined 
with Melody, much experience is requisite to define 
them distinctly. 



17 

Comparison is situated on the centre of the supe- 
rior part of the forehead, on each side of which is Cau- 
sality, and shews an elevation, or fulness, on the frontal 
bone, generally assuming a round appearance. 

Causality. The seat of this organ is on the 
superior part of the forehead, on each side of Compa- 
rison, and adjoining that of Wit: it will in general 
be observed of a round form, unless Eventuality be 
large, when it assumes with it one oblong fulness at 
that part of the forehead. 

Wit is placed on the exterior part of the forehead, 
forward of Ideality, and on the outer side of Causality; 
when very prominent, it gives a decidedly marked 
appearance to that part. 

Language has its organ situated behind the 
orbit of the eye ; that convolution of the brain 
resting on the upper obituary plate, and when large, 
urging it forward by depression of the part, mani- 
fests a fulness of the eye, an apparent large diameter 
of the orbit, or by a general prominence, and not unfre- 
quently by an united assemblage of these several modes. 
Amativeness. The organ is placed at the pos- 
terior part of the head, between the mastoid processes 
behind the ear, and the Occipital protuberance above 
the middle of the neck; the space between these will 
afford an indication of the extent of the organ. 

Philoprogeny is situated directly above Ama- 
tiveness, on the middle line, between the two portions 
of Courage : its general appearance is oval, but it will 
occasionally be met with round, accordingly as the 
hemispheres of the brain may be more or less separated 
at this part. 



18 

Habitation is situated at the back part of the 
head, above Philoprogeny, and under Self-esteem, on 
the middle line ; having attachment on each side, it is 
not unfrequently met with in combination with Philo- 
progeny, resembling with it an inverted heart. 

Attachment has its organ placed on each side 
of Habitation, and over a part of Courage, presenting 
an oval shape, although when very full, it may be 
observed more rounded in form. 

Courage is placed at the posterior part of the 
head, behind the mastoid processes, between Philopro- 
geny and Destruction, and in general presents a fulness 
behind the ear. 

Destruction. The situation of the organ is 
above, and round the upper part of the ear: it occupies 
a large portion of the middle lobe of the brain, pro- 
ducing an elongated appearance, and sometimes occa- 
sions a projection of the upper part of the ear. 

Flavour. This organ is united in combination 
with the anterior part of Destruction, above the front 
of the ear, below Acquisition ; and when large, gives a 
full rounded appearance; but it requires skill in judg- 
ing of its peculiarly influential properties. 

Acquisition is placed on the upper part of the 
temporal bone, on the anterior angle of the parietals, 
between Construction and Secrecy; with which latter, 
when large^ it is mostly associated, frequently pre- 
senting an oval appearance. 



19 

Sec res y is seated at the side of the head, above 
the organ of Destruction, and nearly in a line from 
the orifice of the ear to the top of the head; and if 
Caution (which is directly over it) be much developed, 
it gives great width to that region of the head. 

Caution lies on the upper part of the sides of the 
head, between the organs of Justice and Secresy : it 
occupies a large portion of that lobe of the brain, and 
when full, produces a squareness of appearance at 
that part. 

Approbation is situated on the upper lateral 
posterior part of the head, on each side of Self-esteem, 
directly under Justice, and adjoining Caution; and 
when large, produces a squareness at that part of the 
head. 

Self-esteem is in the centre of the upper 
part of the posterior region of the head, on the 
middle line, above Habitation, and under Firmness, 
assuming an oval form, between the two portions of 
Approbation. 

Firmness has its organ on the upper part of the 
crown of the head, on the middle line, between Justice, 
and over Self-esteem : it generally offers a round 
appearance, and if Justice be likewise large, gives a 
prominence to the part. 

Justice is seated on each side of Firmness, and 
directly over Caution; and when largely developed, 
presents a little protuberance, especially if the organ 
of Hope be but moderate. 



20 






Hope is on the upper part of the head, on each 
side of Veneration, adjoining the anterior part of 
Justice, and behind Imitation and Marvel: it assumes 
no particular form, only presenting in general a fulness 
in that region. 

Ideality. This organ is situated on the side of 
the head, over Construction and Acquisition, between 
Marvel, Hope, and Caution: it assumes an elongated 
appearance; but when the three latter are large, it 
produces a fulness at that part. 

Marvel lies a little forward of the organ of Hope, 
between Imitation and Ideality; and generally offers 
an oval form, running obliquely from Wit. 

Imitation is placed on each side of Benevolence, 
forward of Hope, and adjoining Marvel, on the supe- 
rior part of the forehead; and usually assumes an 
elongated appearance. 

Benevolence is situated on the upper part of 
the forehead, on the middle line, between Comparison 
and Veneration, having Imitation on each side, and 
when full, (if Imitation be also large,) it presents 
with it one considerable extension. 

Veneration. This organ is placed in the centre 
of the upper part of the head, and when large, pro- 
duces an arched appearance; but when Benevolence, 
and Firmness, are full, this faculty may be mistaken 
as small, when in fact it is otherwise. 



OBSERVATIONS ON THE BRAIN. 

(vide MODEL, NO. III.) 



The organs of the mental faculties, whose situations 
have been pointed out, as observable on the head, 
constitute the Encephalon, or Brainy mass, which is 
contained within the Cranium, and to which, (as was 
remarked,) it gives determination. It consists of an 
apparently soft, poulticeous matter, termed medulary ; 
interspersed with other substances of rather a more 
solid, cineritious consistence, of a greyish colour: these 
substances are disposed into protuberances, or convo- 
lutions, and enclosed in membranes, of which the 
most exterior is called the dura mater, its several parts 
having received names by Anatomists, but of no im- 
portance in our present enquiry. Immediately within 
this, adhering to the brain, and closely investing its 
convolutions, is a very fine transparent membrane, 
called the pia mater; but what is properly the pia 
mater, and which enters between the convolutions, is 
separated from the dura mater by a still more delicate 
membrane, called membrana arachnoidea, from its sup- 
posed resemblance to the spider's web. 

The substance of the brain is divided into two 
equal parts, called hemispheres, which constitute the 



22 



cerebrum, or brain properly so called; occupying the 
entire space of the coronal, with a great portion of the 
occipital region of the skull. In the posterior part is 
situated the cerebellum, or little brain ; this rests on 
the basilar portion of the occipital bone, divided like- 
wise into two lobes, one of which lies on each of the 
upper cavities of the occiput, that are separated by the 
interior crucial ridge. Lastly may be noticed, the part 
called the medulla oblongata, situated between the 
lobes of the cerebellum, and the middle portions of the 
brain; and this filling up the great occipital hole, 
forms the bond of union with the spinal marrow. 

Phrenological investigation has shewn, that the 
'substance heretofore supposed medullar y, and con- 
sidered as one congregated mass, is composed of an 
innumerable assemblage of very minute fasiculi, or 
bundles of nerves, disposed in layers, and interwoven 
with transverse cords, which, emanating from ganglions 
or nodes, present a curious retiform contexture, 
branching in every variety of ramification, vertically 
or laterally, suited to its position and destined office. 
These bundles are universally arranged in pairs, which 
correspond to each other in influential properties, 
though not always in exact developement in each of 
the hemispheres, and which they unite by means of 
their fibrils in the middle line ; consequently the 
faculties, in their operation of consciousness, are per- 
ceived as single, as in the cases of the visual and 
auditory nerves, and other organs of the body, which 
are uniformly associated in pairs, and will afford an 
explanation how it may be possible to injure, or even 



23 

to remove to a given extent, portions of the cerebral 
mass, without entire deprivation of mental conscious- 
ness, or extinction of the vital spark. 

The grey cineritious substance, is considered by 
Dr. Spurzheim (the philosophical coadjutor of Dr. 
Gall, and great improver of this science) to be the 
deposites, from whence the nerves receive their struc- 
ture, and increase, and may be denominated the matrix^ 
or basis of their formation. 

Before parturition, the whole brain presents little 
more than this cineritious mass, and it is only by 
degrees that the soul manifests its presence, in spon- 
taneous motion. From the ichthycal state, the instinc- 
tive sensations of hunger and thirst, obscure perceptions 
of pain, and its opposite, and, at length, the imperfect 
functions of the external senses, mark the animal 
^existence. The excitation of the mental faculties, 
exhibited in Individuality, Form, Size, &c. soon 
become apparent, whereby the nurse is distinguished 

trom others, and familiars from strangers. By degrees, 
he inclinations and propensities are awakened, and, 
as the fibres of the brain increase and acquire strength, 
determinate ideas of external objects assume their 
legitimate character. Childhood is succeeded by ado- 
lescence, and the impetuosity, arising from increased 
circulation of the fluids, glow in every feature — all is 
energy: as the brain advances towards its perfect 
developement, so the sentiments and faculties, moral 
and intellectual, manifest their respective functions 
with greater promptitude, successively, until it attains 
its maturity; when experience crowds upon observa- 



24 

tion, Comparison and Causality elicit the respectable 
powers, and stamp the character of the man. For 
some years, the brain exhibiting little change, remains 
as it were stationary; but, in proportion as the Indi- 
vidual advances in age, and the vital heat diminishes, 
the faculties of the mind, as well as the animal functions 
of the body, appear to retrograde : the cerebral fibres 
become firm, the convolutions diminish in volume and 
elasticity, and the whole brain undergoes a visible, 
though gradual, decline; (from the slow progression 
of which, many aged persons are induced to suspect 
their faculties to be such as they were in the meridian 
of life; they are however mistaken.) The superior 
faculties become weak, and the upper fibres of the 
convolutions reclining on the lateral regions, together 
with the effort to preserve the temperature, increases 
their irritability; hence Caution, Acquisition, &c. act 
more sensibly at this period of existence: Peevishness 
and Irresolution become apparent; Benevolence cools 
into apathy, or surrenders its powers to Approbation; 
Veneration clings to existing objects, and Firmness 
experiences a torpor: thus the brain, like every part 
of nature, undergoes a growth, stationary state, and 
decline, with its relative functions, until Shakspeare's 
last age of man closes the scene, and he assumes the 
universal motto of mortality, "hicjacet." 



INFLUENCES OF THE FACULTIES* 



Individuality. This is one of the first faculties 
that manifests its activity on our appearance upon the 
theatre of human affairs. The Infant exerts it to dis- 
cover its nurse from others ; new objects, and new 
ideas, are the pleasureable pursuits of its full deve- 
lopement : it becomes a valuable stimulus to the 
acquisition of scientific knowledge, urging the mind 
to examine every novel subject presented to observa- 
tion, induces a quickness of conception, as its inactivity 
produces a listlessness in matters of that nature. 

Form is of general use in every branch of pro- 
fession, it discriminates and judges of shape and pro- 
portion, it is invaluable to the Portrait Painter, 
Sculptor, &c. It may be readily discovered in child- 
hood, by the propensity to indulge in scribbling, with 
pen or pencil, various objects : it assists Individuality 
in the recognition of persons, and presents to the 
recollection objects and forms, which may have pre- 
viously passed under our notice: its defect induces a 
desultory manner of examining objects. 

Size. The full developement of this organ, pro- 
duces a correct idea of estimation relative to propor- 
tion, length, height, or bulk ; is important in most 
branches of mechanical art, Surveying, &c. To the 
Landscape Painter it is essential, as in perspective it 
equally applies to objects receding in the distance, 
and to Artists in general, whether designing from 
nature, or otherwise : its excess annoys with every 
deviation from just proportion. 




26 

Weight, or the faculty of judging momentum in 
general : friction, resistance, and gravity, are the 
objects of its selection. Those who indulge in the 
gymnastic exercises find its developement highly 
valuable, as it suggests the resistance necessary to be 
employed against any opposing force : it is extremely 
useful to the practical mechanician, nor less requisite 
in the most delicate works of art. 

Colour discriminates that which constitutes har- 
mony, or otherwise in teints, and a just distribution of 
light and shadow in painting: it produces what may 
be considered taste in colouring; it is an essential to 
the Flower Painter, and contributes to the pleasure 
experienced in viewing parterres tastefully disposed, 
or nature's exquisite skill in the enamelled meadows. 
It greatly assists females in the display observable in 
their costume; while its inordinate state produces a 
most ridiculous glare. 

Order. As this disposes to a correct arrangement 
of multifarious objects, in a chaste and uniform series, 
whether it relate to furniture, books, papers, or neat- 
ness of costume, so it inclines to an orderly distri- 
bution of domestic concerns, and assists the superior 
organs in the association of ideas : it very much helps 
the mathematician, and calculator in general. Habits 
of cleanliness much depend upon its manifestation. 



27 

Number. This faculty influences to the powers of 
arithmetical calculation, and the science of numbers: 
it receives much assistance from Order, and if the 
developement of the reflecting powers be large, it will 
induce a fondness for mathematical pursuits, and the 
sublime purposes of Geometry; but individually, arith- 
metic appears to be the particular function of the part, 
or an excessive love for counting. 

Eventuality. This invaluable faculty appears to 
afford a stimulus to the due observation of transactions 
of interest passing around; marking the periods, or 
circumstances, under which they severally exist: it 
involves much of the actual business of real life, and 
is indispensable to the Politician, Historian, Biogra- 
pher, and every one interesting himself in public 
affairs; it likewise forms an agreeable trait in the 
associate in party conversation. 

Locality induces a desire for seeing different 
places, gives a faculty of determining localities, or 
prompts to visit different countries: it affords the 
pleasure experienced in perusing Travels and Voyages; 
it becomes a valuable requisite to the Historian, the 
Geographer, and not less so to the Landscape Painter, 
as it will enable him frequently to preserve picturesque 
scenery without recurrence to his sketch-book. 



98 
Time, lis properties are (<> perceive duration, to 

distinguish the lapse of intervals, and correct adjust- 
ment of rhythm, or measure of periods: a good 
dcvclopoment is useful to the Chronologer, and an 
essential in forming the good composer, or performer 
of music, as it acls very much with Melody and Onhr. 
In social intercourse, i(s influence suggests a punctual 

observance of appointment!) or engagements. 

Melody. lis special faculty is concerned with 
musical harmony ; and the degree of its developcment 
regulates the oar in relation to concord, harmony, or 
otherwise: it allords the delight experienced by melo- 
dious tones, and directs the justness of emphasis in 
elocution. It is indispensable) in connexion with 
7V///r-, in forming the correct musician, and with Con- 
struction, in constituting the excellent composer of 

music; Thorough I>ass being much dependant on the 

latter faculty, with which it is closely connected. 

Construction. This faculty is essential in every 
mechanical profession, its function being to contrive, 
or construct, (the mode of execution, whether tasteful, 

or otherwise) being the effect of combination :) it 

excites a desire for building, and yields the pleasurable 
feeling of having work people about, and directing 
their operations. It is not unfre<pirntly closely asso- 
ciated with Ideality, when it becomes the parent of 
the most ingenious productions. 



29 

Comparison. It is the office of this faculty to 
compare the effective powers of the mind, examine 
their differences, judge of their assimilations, and 
induce the drawing of analogies : it pays deference to 
parity of reasoning, in preference to philosophical 
disquisition ; it forms combinations, and aids in the 
study of the philosophy of language. It assists the 
Historian, Biographer, and the popular Divine, in 
inducing its deductions by the force of illustrative 
example. 

Causality. Its function is to prompt the mind to 
be solicitous in the enquiry relative to the causes of 
all phenomena, and to examine, by consecutive parity, 
the identity of Nature's first principles : it considers 
the relation between cause and effect; and is invaluable 
to every man of science. In conjunction with Compa- 
rison, it forms the true philosophic mind; but is too 
apt, (undirected by moral feeling,) to step beyond 
the limits of our powers, and question the most awful 
subjects. 

Wit, Gaiety, or Mirt/ifubiess, all which names 
have been applied to this organ, whose office appears 
to be, that of reducing compound ideas into their dis- 
junctive elements. This animating faculty produces a 
gay and lively feeling, a pleasant and agreeable manner 
of intercourse with society: it influences the taste for 
jest, and enlivens the conceptions of the Musician, 
Poet, and Painter; and sways whatever depends on 
the ludicrous conceptions of the mind. 



so 

Language. The Hermes of the mind (as Mercury 
the ready messenger of the Gods) is ever obedient to 
its dictates; and from its situation at the back of the 
eye, proclaims undeviatingly, (though tacitly,) through 
that organ, the sensations of the soul. A full develope- 
ment embodies its emotions with facility, induces a 
volubility of speech, and promptitude to express our 
conceptions; as likewise the retention of verbal signs. 
But the ability to cultivate universal Phylology, 
requires a combination of the superior faculties. 

Aiviativeness. As this faculty appears to have 
been implanted for the most noble purposes, and seems 
to involve the blessing pronounced at the creation, so 
it is by far the largest of the animal organs. It leads, 
in youth, to the strongest, and most unalterable, 
affections; and in mature age, to the indissoluble bonds 
of mutual regard: when, however, it is unfortunately 
influenced, it leads to occurrences detrimental to the 
individual, and offensive to society. 

Philoprggeny. Its function, as its name implies, 
is the love of Offspring; and produces the excitement 
that manifests itself in the tender care exhibited by 
parents towards their progeny. With a combination 
of the beneficent feelings, it induces to the love of 
children generally; and begets a solicitude for their 
comfort and amusement; feels pleasure in their com- 
pany, and enters sympathetically into their little joys 
or sorrows. 



31 



Habitation actuates in its more extended views 
to the noble sentiment of love of country, an irre- 
sistible attachment to particular places of residence, 
and, in some cases, to cause a reluctance at changing 
one apartment for another. It draws the mind of the 
distant traveller to contemplate with feelings of delight 
his anticipated return to home, and inspires the warrior 
with additional ardour to defend his native soil; and, 
in combination with Philoprogeni/, renders the maternal 
parent happy in her seclusion. 

Attachment. The warmth of friendship, the love 
of society, and attachments in general, acquire their 
energy from the developement of this organ; which 
presents several modifications. When full, it produces 
the most unalterable esteem and regard, it even extends 
its sphere of activity to all around, both animate and 
inanimate: in suitable combinations it stimulates to 
form early associations for life. 

Courage, Comb advenes s, or Perseverance, gives 
the feeling to contend, defend, or carry our objects 
onwards : it produces an energy to undertake difficul- 
ties, and is a noble attribute to the manly character; 
it enables the Senator, the Barrister, and those situated 
in public life, to contend for the object they have 
in view. Favourably constituted, it dictates with 
propriety, and contends with becoming ardour; if 
otherwise, it gives a propensity to cavilling and 
contention. 

D 



32 



Destruction. According to temperament and 
combination, this faculty produces the pleasurable 
sensations experienced from field sports, witnessing 
executions, or destroying whatever may appear ob- 
noxious, or to present an impediment in the way of 
any gratification in which we may feel disposed to 
indulge. With the Carib, and hardened criminal, its 
excitation extends to a thirst for the destruction of 
their fellow creatures. 

Flavour. This faculty influences, and regulates 
the subjects of taste, as to the kind and quality of food 
which nature demands, and appetite approves : it 
acquires energy from Destruction, and while an inor- 
dinate developement forms the Glutton and Epicure, 
a moderate degree directs with prudent selection; and 
according to temperament and combination, regulates, 
and makes choice at the festive board with delicacy, 
or obtrusive impetuosity. 

Caution gives the power of prudently considering 
of circumstances, and deciding with care and circum- 
spection ; consequently becomes very useful in the 
ordinary transactions of life : it induces precaution, 
raises doubtings and hesitations, delaying the determi- 
nation of a project until the morrow, in order to 
reconsider the subject; it creates suspicion as to the 
purity of the intentions of others, and continually 
suggests the admonitory clause, u take care." 



33 

Secrecy. Its influential properties being the pro- 
pensity to conceal, the subjects of secrecy depending on 
combination : under its guidance, the Statesman con- 
ceals his maxims of policy, the General his plans of 
operation, the ingenious Artisan his inventions; and 
in the ordinary walk of life, thoughts and opinions, 
intentions and property, become alike the objects of 
concealment. The faculty only becomes offensive in 
its abuse. 

Acquisition. The primitive power being to accu- 
mulate, gives a desire for speculation : in youth, it 
urges to the pursuit of literary studies; in active life, 
it inspires the spirit of commerce and adventure. The 
pleasure arising from collecting medals, books, paint- 
ings, or curiosities, receives energy from this organ. 
When unfavourably constituted, it forms the depredator 
on the property of others, frequently regardless of 
consequences. 

Self-esteem takes a very active part in forming 
the character: national pride, and personal endowment, 
whether real or imaginary, are equally the objects of 
its activity. If the reflecting faculties be large, it 
stimulates to the noblest exploits; it inspires a self« 
confidence to emulate the most praiseworthy enter- 
prizes; it exalts the mind above the ordinary weakness 
of human nature; and proves an effectual spur towards 
advancing our success in life. 



34 

Approbation. The just value entertained for 
reputation, the pleasure felt in possessing the favour- 
able opinion of others, and the desire for notoriety, 
are the results of a full developement of this sentiment. 
It stimulates to a thirst for fame, and love of praise : 
under its influence the Statesman seeks popularity, the 
Artisan the desire to oblige, and the Domestic the wish 
to obtain the good will of his employer; and may be 
productive (from variety of combination) of either 
virtue or vice. 

Firmness gives decision of character, constancy, 
and determination, to all the other faculties : it upholds 
#nd fixes their activity, and being constituted in the 
midst of the superior organs, contributes to promote 
the equanimity of the faculties, by strengthening some, 
and restricting such as may tend to enslave the mind. 
It affords composure under every occurrence, and con- 
stitutes a mind at all times master of itself. 

Justice. The feeling of conscientiousness, with 
respect to right and wrong, is one of great importance: 
to it belongs the office to judge, acquit, or condemn, 
and even to punish. Its sentence stamps us equally 
guilty, or otherwise, to ourselves, to society, and even 
in the eye of our Maker: it produces a delicacy of 
encroaching in the slightest degree on the rights of 
others, and feels indignant at any act contrary to the 
rules of equity and justice. 



35 



Hope inclines to look on the bright side of every 
event; and buoys up the mind under the most pressing 
difficulties. Those may be accounted fortunate who 
possess this faculty in any considerable degree of deve- 
lopement: it is the cheering companion of industrious 
effort, and gilds the gloomy path of the traveller with 
prospective views of comfort and repose; it teaches the 
mind to soar even beyond mortality, and to contem- 
plate the beatitudes of a future state. 

Ideality produces the sentiment of the sublime 
and beautiful: it influences the conceptions of the 
mind, producing grandeur of invention, and splendour 
of execution; it enlivens and beautifies the objects 
of its research, prompts to embellishment, and is 
essential to the Poet, Sculptor, Architect, and Painter; 
it produces an elevated strain of language in the 
Author, gives a glow to sentiment, and exalts the 
imagination. 

Marvel. This faculty leads the mind to search 
for the surprising, wonderful, and supernatural: it 
contributes to establish credence in mystery, and 
miracle ; it directs aright, (under proper combinations) 
the religious feelings, inclines to the study of Theolo- 
gical works, and holds Ecclesiastical Institutions in 
high respect ; is also influential in guiding the Artist in 
depicting the subjects of Romance and Fable. 



36 



Imitation. In childhood, by the means of this 
faculty, much of information is acquired, by the habit 
of imitating those among whom they are associated; 
and it is a known truth, that more of moral character 
is established by example, than by precept: it sheds its 
influence over most of the affective powers of the 
mind, useful and pleasurable to ourselves, and to 
society. In the Arts, it stimulates to the most lively 
representations, and adds what is termed expression 
in painting. 

Benevolence produces mildness of character, and 
liberality of sentiment, in passing judgment on the 
conductor errors of others: it influences the temper 
in producing a benignity of manners, excites sympathy 
for the suffering, and hospitality towards the distressed 
members of society; and in its fullest extent, comes 
up to the beautiful description given of Charity by the 
Apostle Paul. 

Veneration carries a due respect for Religion 
and its Institutions: it venerates the aged, the parent, 
and all that is respectable; it leads alike to the pious 
adoration of the Supreme Being, and the blind zeal 
of enthusiasm. Under its direction the Gentoo makes 
provision for the vermine that infest his house, the 
female immolates herself on the funeral pile, and the 
gloomy Pagan prostrates himself before the image of 
his vindictive Deity, with all that fervent devotion 
which a sense of his wants can be supposed to inspire. 



ON GENERAL CHARACTER. 



The foregoing are the influential properties of the 
mental faculties, when their several organs are in a 
healthy state, and under an equability of constitutional 
temperament. But if excessive energy on the one 
hand, or debilitated inertness on the other, stimulate 
or retard the operation of the powers, the equilibrium 
is disturbed, and effects proportionally dissimilar will 
be observable in the respective characters, from a 
phlegmatic torpidity to a feverish irritability; and 
these likewise exhibiting a variety of manifestations, 
as they may be differently associated, in a combined 
series, with the rational principles, or merely animal 
desires: for it must not be inferred, because every 
individual of the human species is endowed, from 
creation, with the whole of those faculties which have 
been enumerated (Idiots excepted), and are all with 
which we are at present acquainted, that any one is 
possessed of them in equal size of organs, or degree 
of activity; it requiring only the marked energy of a 
very few faculties, preponderating over the dormant or 
less vigorous powers, to form what is termed Character, 
whether national or individual. Hence may be ob- 
served the vivacity and versatility of the French, from 
the prevalence of the animating faculties under a san- 
guine temperament; the patient investigating genius 



38 

of the Germans, by reason of the reflecting powers; 
the circumspection of the Chinese, in the manifestation 
of the prudential sentiments ; and the terrific barba- 
rity of some of the uncultivated Indian tribes, arising 
from the preponderance of the animal propensities 
undirected by moral feeling. The like courts our 
observation in the every day walk of society : the 
pious, the mora], the generous, and the exalted cha- 
racter; and likewise the reverse of these are every 
where to be met with, and will be found to arise prin- 
cipally from the developement, or activity, of certain 
classes of feelings, whose predominating and indulged 
influence, over the other faculties of the mind, deter- 
mine the general habits, and (though perhaps uncon- 
sciously) regulate the tenour of the conduct of the 
person so organized. It is, moreover, a remarkable 
fact, that in whole nations, where the superior powers 
exert their energy, we may discover a proportionate 
degree of urbanity of manners, as on the contrary, 
where the lower or merely animal propensities are 
allowed to assume the ascendancy over the Intellectual 
faculties, the more of the Barbarian is discoverable: 
the restraining motives are withdrawn, impetuosity is 
exhibited on every impulse of the passions, and the 
rude, the brutal, and the sensual feelings, become 
apparent in the character; and in proportion as mora- 
lity and civilization become cherished, in the same 
degree (both history and experience assure us) the 
people improve in the arts of refinement, probity, and 
taste. 



39 



The ||£rccptt!lt faculties which contribute to 
form the mechanician, in combination with the Scien- 
tific, and under the guidance of the Reflective powers, 
constitute the exalted genius whose productions, like 
those of No. 4,* excite universal admiration. But these 
acquire energy from the feelings, which constitute the 
Artisan a reputable member of society, or otherwise : 
stimulated by the Domestic group, the exertion is ani- 
mated by family comforts. If the selfish feelings pre- 
dominate, all is subservient to Individual gratification; 
but these still modified by the Regulating Sentiments, 
as Self-esteem, Approbation, Firmness, and Justice, 
exert their respective influences, or blend their asso- 
ciated effects in the Character. 

The Scientific group acquires additional energy 
from the feelings in the same way, which manifest 
themselves in the labours, whether of the Artist, the 
Geographer, the Musical Composer, or the Architect; 
each selecting the objects suited to gratify the promi- 
nent features in his character: thus among Painters, 
in the pencil of the one, may be traced the influence of 
the Domestic affections, in another Courage or Destruc- 
tion, in a third the splendour excited by the desire of 
admiration, or the pompous pageantry of pride. Even 
constitutional temperament is discernible in the selec- 
tion of colours ; while the Ideal group adds brilliancy 
of conception, such as influenced all the stupendous 
performances of the extraordinary Artist, No. 5. 
* Vide characteristic models. 



40 



The llilftccttttg powers of the mind are not less 
influenced by the mild and benevolent, or the stern and 
cynical faculties ; the natural bias of Philosophers 
urging them to contemplate, with very different optics, 
the systems of nature, or ethics, according as the 
amiable or the rigid feelings may have directed their 
judgment. Hence the varied schemes of ancient theo- 
rists, on one or other of which, most of the moderns 
have raised the structure of the mind, as they found 
their feelings or propensities harmonize with their 
Prototype. In No. 6 may be viewed the ascetic Philo- 
sopher, who fitted only for the recluse, his seclusion 
added depth to his vast research, and profundity to 
his conceptions and understanding. 

The £)OKtC0ttC affections, under the regulation 
of the superior faculties, present the most amiable 
picture that nature can offer to our contemplation; yet 
these act differently, and become variously modified by 
the impulse of accessory feelings, according as they 
assume the prerogative of dictation. The Preservative 
group urge to a jealousy of domination, while the 
Prudentials suggest sentiments of parsimony: these 
are again influenced by the Regulating class of senti- 
ments; whilst under the guidance of Beneficence and 
Veneration, we may conceive a character such as 
No. 7 presents, and eulogized in the pages of French 
history. 



41 

The ]j3r£0irft&tito£ faculties. Notwithstand- 
ing their indispensable properties, or however valuable 
under the restriction of Justice, Propriety, and true 
Patriotism, become the most obnoxious when they 
acquire the ascendancy in the character. A more ex- 
traordinary instance of their ungoverned impetuosity 
cannot perhaps be adduced than No. 8; which, if 
guided by the nobler faculties, might have constituted 
a brave and magnanimous Commander, a judicious, yet 
inflexible Legislator, a steady and firm corrector of 
the abuses which had crept into the State, at the 
Imperial helm of which he was placed; but bereft of 
the higher sentiments, the Individual sunk into depra- 
vity, and every species of barbarity. 

The llrufrltttt&l sentiments becoming conspi- 
cuous in the habits, render the character circumspect 
in all his dealings, watchful over his interests, and 
sparing of his remarks, whether of persons or things ; 
and though he utter nothing but truth, yet he does not 
consider himself (unless properly called upon) to 
declare the whole truth. If the lower feelings unite 
their energy, the principles are not always quite 
correct ; but associated with the Moral Sentiments, and 
Justice, the Individual, though seldom courted, always 
commands respect: a striking instance is afforded in 
No. 9, where the Royal personage, though destitute of 
true friends, yet ever possessed the respect even of his 
enemies. 



„ 




1 

1 



42 

The lirQUlattng powers, being implanted for 
the purpose of exerting an influence over the other 
mental feelings and sentiments, tend rather to bias and 
restrain the too active impulses of the other faculties, 
than manifest themselves collectively; but where they 
shine conspicuous in the Character, they exalt the 
being above the ordinary weakness of mortals, and 
render them objects of admiration : for as great men 
have seldom small vices, the lower passions become 
eclipsed, or assume milder names, under the dazzling 
splendour which this group maintains. An example is 
afforded in No. 10, where, in other circumstances, the 
propensities would have debased the character, they 
became in a measure obscured in the great display of 
mental ability. 

The Emacjtttatitot group communicates vivacity 
to the whole mind, and gives an animating glow to the 
conceptions of the Poet, Painter, Philosopher, and 
Divine. It forms the cheerful friend, and lively asso- 
ciate, and adds a gay and agreeable turn to conver- 
sation : it inclines the Individual, where it predo- 
minates, to rove in the flowery fields of fancy, and 
enables him to meet the disastrous occurrences of life, 
as transient evils. Under the inferior combinations, 
it stamps the character with levity ; but with a large 
developement of the Reasoning powers, it contributes 
to form the most exalted Genius, such as evidenced in 
No. 11, whose vast and versatile conceptions will meet 
admiration to the latest posterity. 



4 



o 



The f&Otal sentiments, when predominant in 
the Character, exert a powerful controul over the 
whole mind, and in the present state of society demand 
an energetic dictation of the Reflecting faculties to 
direct their impulse ; evincing that the restraining 
motives, as well as the active duties of morality, are 
essential to promote the happiness of mankind. Reve- 
rence for the Deity, and charity towards mankind, may 
without their guidance become morbid, and produce 
abuses : a Wolsey or a Bonner, equally with an 
Addison or a Howard, may be actuated by this group 
of faculties. But where the Rational powers maintain 
the complete mastery of the mind, they manifest their 
unassuming influence, and shed a mild lustre over the 
whole character, as exemplified in No. 12. 



The limited plan of this work will only allow a 
suggestion here, that in order to curb one cogent organ, 
or class of feelings, it will be prudent to counteract its 
impetuosity, by calling forth the activity of another; 
first of a somewhat dissimilar quality, then others more 
remote : the object is not to be achieved at once, and 
should ever be undertaken with care. No unreason- 
able request should be proposed to irritable youth, nor 
should stubbornness be provoked: command of temper, 
also, will have a powerful effect on juvenile passions, 
and no less influence those of maturer years. 



PRACTICAL PHRENOLOGY. 



One of the impediments to the advancement of 
Phrenology, has arisen from the mistaken opinions of 
the Amateurs of this Science; who, supposing a mere 
acquaintance with the names, situations, and individual 
properties of the mental organs, quite sufficient to 
qualify them to decide on the characters of others, 
have, on these slender attainments, ventured to deter- 
mine the necessary developement requisite (in their 
-estimation) to constitute a reputable member of society; 
and to anathematize such as did not appear to enjoy 
so copious, or so ponderous, a cranium as their own; 
and from a promptitude (generally observable in 
novitiates) to display their skill, with " Oh, you must 
allow me to examine vour head," have so committed 
themselves, that many persons who previously were 
disposed to give credence to the doctrine, have been 
thus disappointed, or discouraged, by the incorrect 
judgment of their Phrenological friend; and, in conse- 
quence, have not only relinquished farther inquiry con- 
cerning it, but also withdrawn even the good opinion 
they had conceived for it, from its apparent futility. But 
it should be remembered, that the errors of Empiricism, 
afford no just impeachment against the science of me- 
dicine: various contingent and auxiliary circumstances 
must be duly weighed, and maturely considered, before 
an opinion be offered on individual endowment, since 
human character is so infinitely varied. 



45 

That the size of the head affords no correct estimate, 
will appear from general observation. It is no unfre- 
quent occurrence to meet with persons who have large 
heads, but who display no particular mental excellence; 
while, on the contrary, some of less dimensions excel 
in brilliancy of talent: Mr. P. Cotter O'Brien, the 
Irish giant, who measured eight feet six inches and a 
half, exhibited far less mental energy than the Por- 
tuguese dwarf, Cardoza, whose height was only 
twenty-four inches. 

The disproportion of the head to the body will 
generally be found to be attended with weakness of 
the mental powers, as in the various cases of Idiocy, 
where the cranium being distended with serum, becomes 
too large, or, on the other hand, is rendered diminu- 
tive from the brain being checked in its due formation 
and growth. A little observation will, however, 
familiarize the student with what may be termed large, 
moderate, and small heads ; but no two heads must 
ever be compared with each other, for particular 
mental endowments, not even of the same sex, but 
each one examined individually for itself, and con- 
clusions drawn relative to character, according as the 
developement of faculties, temperament, education, 
habits, and intercourse with society may justify. The 
knowledge of the influence of constitutional tempera- 
ment, which regulates the organic activity, is of great 
importance; and though generally mixed and blended 
in such variety, as to present some difficulty, may 
nevertheless be ascertained by a careful observation 
of what are termed the four primitive humours. 









46 

The Lymphatic, or Phlegmatic Temperament, 
manifests itself in the dull and gross habit: the vessels 
lie deep, and appear small, the pulse is languid, com- 
plexion pale, the hair light, and a general lassitude is 
apparent in all the movements; every transaction is 
with them a matter of course, they observe the bustle 
of all nature around them with indifference, equally 
exempted from the delights, or poignant sorrows, that 
so much affect others. 

The Sanguineous humour predominating, produces 
a firm consistence of body, fleshy, though not fat; 
veins full, and brisk pulsation of the arteries; the skin 
smooth, good complexion, and an animated counte- 
" nance; blue eyes, brown hair, lively habits, exhibiting 
much promptitude : soon affected by external impres- 
sions, which as quickly subside. 

The Bilious, or Choleric temperament, affords a 
moderately full and firm set of muscles; pulse quick 
and full, a strong and decided expression of coun- 
tenance, skin hot and dry to the touch, yellowish 
brown complexion, dark hair; manifest generally great 
ardour; quick, hasty, and persevering, but inconstant. 

The Nervous, or melancholy temperament, is 
evidenced in a slender swarthy pale skin, cold to the 
touch; fine thin hair, delicate state of health, small 
muscles, rapidity of action, contemplative, and apply 
with passionate ardour to any object of pursuit, but 
soon exhausted, being inadequate to the endurance of 
much fatigue. 



47 

The influence of these humours on the constitutional 
habits, must be blended (mentally) in the same way 
the Painters unite their colours, and form teints on the 
palette; their mixture being* not only complex, but 
assuming a character which varies with the different 
periods of existence, known as the Spring, Summer, 
Autumn, and Winter of Life; neither are the consti- 
tutional temperaments, in general, less influential with 
individuals than these revolutionary seasons on the 
globe, regulating the energies and activity of the 
different ages of human life: similar modes of exertion, 
whether mental or corporeal, not being predicable of 
childhood with those of maturity, or these again with 
the decline of existence. 

A difference of sex produces a varied manifestation 
of like faculties; the masculine character being directed 
by understanding, the feminine guided by feeling. 
Thus in Philoprogeny, each parent regards, and fre- 
quently cherishes, in the offspring, the dominant, 
though perhaps latent, feature in their own character: 
hence maternal management of boys, after a certain 
age, is properly relinquished; while the regulation of 
the girls is still retained. The feeling of courage is 
variously exhibited, the valour of the male displaying 
itself in feats of prowess; that of the female in the 
exercise of a more pliant weapon. The power to 
construct prompts, in the one sex, to works of archi- 
tecture, mechanical, or pictoral composition ; in the 
other it affords an ability to regulate the costume, select 
furniture, &c. with elegance and taste : and so of the 
other faculties. 

£ 






48 

Particular regard likewise must be had to the 
healthy, or diseased state of the organs : the opportu- 
nities that may have been afforded of education, and 
exercise; the influence of climate, custom, or habit; 
and the associations with, or seclusion from, society. 
As boys, bred under the management of maiden aunts, 
or grandmothers; and classical daughters, under the 
tutelage of relict fathers, or uncles, equally present a 
distorted character; an anomaly not reconcileable to 
any positive rule. 

These preliminary considerations having been duly 
weighed, the head should be viewed in profile, and a 
vertical line imagined to extend from the centre of the 
«rown to the orifice of the ear;* the region before the 
line is the frontal, and that posterior, the occipital: 
the proportions between these will indicate whether 
the intellect, or feelings, claim precedence in the 
character. An horizontal line, ideally passing from 
the middle of the forehead to the occiput, at the organ 
of habitation, will subdivide the head into two hemis- 
pheres: the superior, or coronal, above the line; and 
the inferior, or basilar, below; from which may be 
judged, how far the sentiments, and powers strictly 
human, preponderate over the animal propensities. 
The attention must then be directed to the functions as 
associated into groups, and lastly the individual organs, 
which may be noted on a Phrenological tablet, with an 
asterisk of four, five, or six points, for moderate, full, 
or very marked, as Astronomers designate the magni- 
tudes of the stars; placing a cipher for small organs, 

* Vide model No. 2. 



49 

and thus regulate the judgment by a preponderance 
of testimonies. And here it may be necessary to 
observe, that, beside the exceptions to ordinary 
formation, noticed in the description of the head, 
cranium, and brain, some variations claim the 
attention of the student; namely, that the organs do 
not always assume precisely the like appearance on 
every head. Also when two or three organs are asso- 
ciated in a full developement, the adjoining ones may 
be mistaken as small, when they are only so in relative 
proportion : thus, when the Perceptive faculties are 
large, they may produce a somewhat sunken appear- 
ance to the eye, whereby the judgment may be deluded 
with regard to Language. Construction also, when 
combined with Melody, will present some difficulty 
even to the experienced Phrenologist ; the like when 
combined with Secresy and Acquisition, which may 
induce a suspicion that Construction is small, when in 
fact it is otherwise. The female head being more 
narrow laterally in its proportions than that of the 
male, may appear to justify the old adage, "that a 
woman cannot keep a secret," the reverse of which is 
the fact; for the cerebral fibres being more extended 
in volume in that region, afford great scope of 
activity to the prudential group, which forms a prin- 
cipal trait in the female character : the same remark 
applies in every case, where the extension of an organ 
may counterbalance one apparently more prominent. 
Nor should censure rashly be passed on those per- 
sons, to whom Nature has denied a " towering front," 
to recommend them to our intimacy or friendship, or 



50 

which does not present at first view a splendid intellect; 
from considerations previously suggested on the effects 
of application, &c. even in some of the Caribbean 
Indian tribes, who repress the expansion of the powers 
of rationality, by compressing the frontal bone, so that 
in maturity they can see objects above the forehead, 
yet the convolutions of those faculties still exist. 
Many possess abilities of which they are unconscious, 
from their never having been placed in circumstances 
to call forth their activity; others again fancy that they 
possess talents to which in reality they have no claim. 
Previous acquaintance with the individual may some- 
times warp the judgment, and it may be prudent to 
suspend offering Phrenological opinions on the Climac- 
terical periods, which every person experiences once, 
and in some cases oftener, every lunar month, on which 
days the mind experiences a lassitude, depression of 
the animal spirits, and a susceptibility to irritation of 
temper. It is especially to be borne in memory, that 
the science does not profess to be of a predictive nature, 
still less does it involve a fatal necessity : the cerebral 
organs are only instruments of the mind, or intermedia, 
whereby it is enabled to cogitate, and hold intercourse 
with the external world, in the same manner, that, by 
the ministration of the bodily organs, it operates all the 
personal and relative functions, without which their 
fulfilment would be impossible, and according as the 
one, or the other, are brought into a state of perfec- 
tibility by discipline and exercise, the more promptly 
and energetically do they execute their office. 



51 

From the manifold difficulties that presented them- 
selves during the early investigations of Dr. Gall, 
he recommended to his auditors not to practise the 
doctrine, on account of its extreme intricacy; on the 
contrary, his philosophical coadjutor, and the im- 
prover of the science, Dr. Spurzheim, advises every 
enquirer to examine and repeat his observations, in 
order to obtain self-conviction ; and to consider it an 
imperative duty to be well acquainted with the subject, 
and that, before he makes any application of it. Cer- 
tainly the investigation ought to commence at home ; 
every one should first dispassionately examine, and 
contemplate his own mental powers, agreeably to a 
former remark, "that he carries the full weight of con- 
viction on his own shoulders;" by this method he may 
readily acquire a practical self-knowledge, of all attain- 
ments the most valuable, as it has ever been considered 
the most difficult. By a knowledge of his propensities 
and desires he may be the better enabled to keep a 
watchful guardianship over them, lest, by their exces- 
sive energy, or undue indulgence, they may betray 
him into errors, injurious to himself or others, and 
become a source of inquietude or regret. By an atten- 
tive observation of the various sentiments and per- 
suasions which bias the judgment, and too often lead 
to mistaken conclusions, he may allow every one the 
free enjoyment of his own peculiar notions and pre- 
judices, from a consciousness that he expects a like 
indulgence, and thereby be led to exact from others no 
more than he would cheerfully bestow, and thus create 



52 



in his mind a liberality of sentiment and charitable 
mode of feeling towards all. By duly cultivating and 
strengthening his intellectual faculties, he may not 
only have a surer ally to aid him in the regulation of 
his passions, his taste, and his conceptions, but likewise 
contribute to the general stock of useful knowledge, 
and be the better qualified to assist his weaker brethren. 
By a due and careful contemplation of this science, 
every one may discover how far he is indebted to natu- 
ral formation, how much he owes to the fostering care 
of parental regard, what share education has had in 
forming his habits, and what he may claim upon the 
score of his own exertions ; and thus knowing the 
talents committed to his trust, he may, like a " wise 
steward," improve them to the glory of the <c Donor of 
every good gift," and by an endeavour to promote the 
welfare of all around him, and in contributing to gene- 
ral happiness most effectually establish his own. 



gtlttt (SufstuMs (ov <&xmm. 



What motto graced Apollo's Temple — What does 
Phrenology propose for its object — Why was it thought 
objectionable — Who was Democritus — What were the ac- 
cusations against Socrates — Why was Galileo persecuted— 
What did Harvey discover — Why does every new discovery 
meet opposition — What is recommended to the Phrenologi- 
cal student — What is the difference between the African 
and European head — The Oriental — The Caribbean — Who 
proposed the facial angle — What difference exists between 
the Male and Female Head— Why are they dissimilar — 
What became requisite to establish Phrenology — Into how 
many Orders are the mental faculties divided — What are 
their properties — Into how many Genera — By what created 
beings possessed — What constitute the faculties of Intel- 
lect — Wherein do the feelings consist — What are the regu- 
lating powers — What compose the sentiments. 

What is the Cranium — How many are the bones, and 
name them — What gives form to the Cranium — What are the 
exceptions — What is the Frontal Sinus — Its supposed cause 
— What is the Diploe — What is the Hydrocephalus — What 
may cause this disease — What is the Temporal Muscle- 
How detected — Where are Individuality, Form, Size, 
Weight, Colour, Order, and Number — What caution is 
requisite in judging of the four first Organs — Where are 
Eventuality, Locality, Time, Melody, and Construction — 
What difficulty does Construction sometimes present — 
Where are Comparison, Causality, and Wit — The Organ 
of Language — What varieties does it present — Where are 
Amativeness, Philoprogeny, Habitation, and Attachment — 
Courage, Destruction, and Flavour — Acquisition, Secrecy, 
and Caution — Approbation, Self-Esteem, Firmness, and Jus- 
tice — Hope, Ideality, and Marvel — Imitation, Benevolence, 
and Veneration. 



54 



Of what is the Brain composed — What is the Dura 
Mater — The Pia Mater — The Membrana Arachnoidea — 
What space does the Cerebrum occupy — Where is the 
Cerebellum situated — What is the Medulla Oblongata — 
W 7 hat does the Medullary Substance consist of — What 
causes Consciousness to appear as single — What is the 
Cineritious Substance supposed to be — What are the 
first manifestations of Consciousness — What causes Impe- 
tuosity in Youth — When is Perfect Character assumed — 
What causes Weakness of the Mental Faculties — What 
are the Properties of Individuality, Form, Size, Weight, 
Colour, Order, and Number — Eventuality, Locality, Time, 
Melody, and Construction — Comparison, Causality, and Wit 
— Language — What are the effects of Amativeness, Philopro- 
geny, Habitation, and Attachment — Courage, Destruction, 
and Flavour — Acquisition, Secresy, and Caution — Appro- 
bation, Self-Esteem, Firmness, and Justice — Hope, Ideality, 
and Marvel — Imitation, Benevolence, and Veneration. 

What constitutes Character — What is characteristic in 
the French, German, Chinese, and Indian Tribes — To what 
do the Perceptive Faculties conduce — The Scientific — The 
Reasoning Powers — The Domestic Affections — Preservative 
Group — Sentiments of Prudence — Regulating Powers — 
Imagination — Moral Sentiments — What Considerations are 
essential previous to judging — What are the four Primitive 
Humours — Name their Influence — What Powers guide the 
Masculine Character — The Feminine — How is the Head 
examined — Why is this mode necessary — What cautions 
are requisite — W 7 hat is particularly to be remembered — 
What useful inferences may be drawn from a knowledge of 
the Propensities — The Sentiments — The Intellectual Facul- 
ties — What is the result of these enquiries. 



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